The late Renaissance also saw in England the flourishing of the English madrigal , the best known of which were composed by such masters as John Dowland, William Byrd, Thomas Morley and others. The Baroque Age Named after the popular ornate architectural style of the time, the Baroque period ca. This was a time when the many monarchies of Europe vied in outdoing each other in pride, pomp and pageantry.
Many monarchs employed composers at their courts, where they were little more than servants expected to churn out music for any desired occasions. The greatest composer of the period, Johann Sebastian Bach , was such a servant. Yet the best composers of the time were able to break new musical ground, and in so doing succeeded in creating an entirely new style of music.
It was during the early part of the seventeenth century that the genre of opera was first created by a group of composers in Florence, Italy, and the earliest operatic masterpieces were composed by Claudio Monteverdi. The instrumental concerto became a staple of the Baroque era, and found its strongest exponent in the works of the Venetian composer Antonio Vivaldi. Harpsichord music achieved new heights, due to the works of such masters as Domenico Scarlatti and others.
Dances became formalized into instrumental suites and were composed by virtually all composers of the era. But vocal and choral music still reigned supreme during this age, and culminated in the operas and oratorios of German-born composer George Frideric Handel. The Classical Period From roughly to , artists, architechts, and musicians moved away from the heavily ornamented styles of the Baroque and the Rococo , and instead embraced a clean, uncluttered style they thought reminiscent of Classical Greece.
The newly established aristocracies were replacing monarchs and the church as patrons of the arts, and were demanding an impersonal, but tuneful and elegant music.
Dances such as the minuet and the gavotte were provided in the forms of entertaining serenades and divertimenti. At this time the Austrian capital of Vienna became the musical center of Europe, and works of the period are often referred to as being in the Viennese style. Composers came from all over Europe to train in and around Vienna, and gradually they developed and formalized the standard musical forms that were to predominate European musical culture for the next several decades.
A reform of the extravagance of Baroque opera was undertaken by Christoph von Gluck. Johann Stamitz contributed greatly to the growth of the orchestra and developed the idea of the orchestral symphony. The Classical period reached its majestic culmination with the masterful symphonies , sonatas , and string quartets by the three great composers of the Viennese school: Franz Joseph Haydn , Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart , and Ludwig van Beethoven. During the same period, the first voice of the burgeoning Romantic musical ethic can be found in the music of Viennese composer Franz Schubert.
The Romantic Era As the many socio-political revolutions of the late eighteenth-century established new social orders and new ways of life and thought, so composers of the period broke new musical ground by adding a new emotional depth to the prevailing classical forms. Throughout the remainder of the nineteenth-century from ca. The romantic artists are the first in history to give to themselves the name by which they are identified.
The earliest Romantic composers were all born within a few years of each other in the early years of the nineteenth century. During the early nineteenth century, opera composers such as Carl Maria von Weber turned to German folk stories for the stories of their operas, while the Italians looked to the literature of the time and created what is known as Bel canto opera literally "beautiful singing". Later in the century, the field of Italian opera was dominated by Giuseppe Verdi , while German opera was virtually monopolized by Richard Wagner.
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